Friday, August 16, 2013

Kids' Learning Disabilities May Have Multiple Causes

News Picture: Kids' Learning Disabilities May Have Multiple Causes

FRIDAY, April 19 (HealthDay News) -- Up to 10 percent of children -- two or three kids in every classroom -- are thought to have learning disabilities, and a new review finds these disabilities have complex causes and suggests possible approaches.

Children frequently have more than one learning disability, the research showed. For example, 33 percent to 45 percent of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) also have dyslexia and 11 percent also have dyscalculia.

Dyslexia is a reading, writing and spelling disability while dyscalculia is a math learning disability.

The study, published April 18 in the journal Science, outlines the underlying causes of learning disabilities and the best way to tailor individual teaching and learning for affected children. It also discusses how best to train teachers, school psychologists and doctors who deal with these children.

The researchers said that specific learning disabilities (SLDs) are the result of abnormal brain development caused by complicated genetic and environmental factors. This leads to conditions as dyslexia, dyscalculia, ADHD, autism spectrum disorder and specific language impairment.

"We now know that there are many disorders of neurological development that can give rise to learning disabilities, even in children of normal or even high intelligence, and that crucially these disabilities can also co-occur far more often that you'd expect based on their prevalence," study author Brian Butterworth, a professor at the Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience of the University College London, said in a university news release.

In one example from the study, it might not be recognized that a child known to have ADHD also has dyslexia. By attributing reading problems to ADHD and treating it alone, teachers may not provide the specific learning program the child needs.

Researchers are "finally beginning to find effective ways to help learners with one or more SLDs, and although the majority of learners can usually adapt to the one-size-fits-all approach of whole class teaching, those with SLDs will need specialized support tailored to their unique combination of disabilities," Butterworth said.

-- Robert Preidt MedicalNews
Copyright © 2013 HealthDay. All rights reserved. SOURCE: University College London, news release, April 18, 2013



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Ciara Geraghty: GLAMOUR Book Club Inquisitor

To celebrate the launch of her latest novel, Lifesaving for Beginners, Ciara Geraghty shares some of her writing secrets with GLAMOUR…

Where do you write?
The attic of my house. It's got two windows, a desk, a chair and a couch. It's also got a door that locks, which is essential when you live in a house with other people, especially when those other people are children whose standard greeting is 'I'm starving', or husbands who want to know if you've seen the charger for their Blackberry / the batteries for the TV remote / the lid of the 'I Can't Believe It's Not Butter'…

What's your writing schedule?
I start after the school run (let's call it 9.30am, to give me time to make tea and toast), commute to my attic and remain there until 1.30pm when I go to collect my youngest daughter. I check my mails / Twitter / Facebook first, then (this is the tricky bit) switch off the internet. I usually read over what I've written the day before, do some editing and then face the horror of the blank page, take a breath, and begin.  

Do you have any music to write by?
No. I am too easily distracted and much prefer writing in a quiet space. The characters come out to play when it's quiet…

Who would play your main characters in the movie?
Love this question, as am big fan of the movies…

Kat Kavanagh (nearly 40-year old writer with writer's block and a secret from her past that's getting ready to rear its head): Cate Blanchett, a brilliant character actress, who does a great Oirish accent…
Milo McIntyre (Nine year old from Brighton - a dote!!): How about David Rawle (Martin Moone from Moone Boy)? Haven't seen the series but have seen pictures and read the reviews and believe he's a dote too!!
Thomas Cunningham (a journalist who calls himself a farmer on account of his five stony fields in Monaghan - the love interest) How about Owen Wilson (but can he do Oirish accent?)
Faith (Milo's big sister. She's 25, a singer / songwriter in a band, whose world has just come crashing down around her): It's got to be Charlene McKenna (the star of the Irish series, Pure Mule and Raw). She'd be perfect!
Minnie Driver (the accountant, not the actress. Kat's best friend. Eccentric, fierce and loyal): I think Minnie Driver could play her to a tee (the actress, not the fictional accountant…)
Janet Noble (Kat's mother and a very serious prize-winning author) - the amazing Irish actor, Fionnula Flanagan.

Do you ever drink and write?
I used to. When I began to write, I did it mostly at night, when my family were safely tucked up in their beds. I'd open the laptop and a bottle of beer and we'd wander hand in hand into the world inside my head. It was lovely, so it was.

Now however, writing is my JOB and with jobs come discipline, something I'm not too fond of… My writing time is from 9am to 1.30pm and, while I've given it a go, beer just doesn't taste as good at 9am as it does at 10pm. I think it might have something to do with toothpaste.

What's the best advice you were ever given?
Don't ever try to read the instructions on the base of a camping gas cooker by the light of a match as this may result in your tent going up in flames and your eyebrows never being the same again….

What was your favourite book when you were a kid?
It's got to be the Five Find Outers. Yes, all fifteen books, although perhaps the very first one - The Mystery of the Burnt Cottage - remains my favourite. Fatty - Frederick Algernon Trotteville - was my hero. I suppose what I loved about the books was the fact that the six children lived in this sleepy little village yet exciting things happened, every single time they came home from boarding school for the 'hols' and went to the cafĂ© to stuff their faces with macaroons. I too lived in a sleepy little village but nothing ever happened. I didn't go to boarding school. Or say 'hols'. I'd never eaten a macaroon. But they made my mouth water, all the same.

Do you have a favourite EVER book?
That's a terrible question to ask! Like asking someone to judge a cute baby contest…THEY'RE ALL CUTE!!! THEY'RE BABIES!!!

But if you insist, then I'd have to say that there is one book that never strays from my 'top ten favourite books EVER' and that is An Evil Cradling by Brian Keenan. The book tells the true story of the imprisonment of Brian Keenan - an Irish writer and academic - and John McCarthy - a British journalist - from 1986 to 1990 in Beirut. While the book deals with the hostile and sometimes brutal conditions the men endured during their captivity, it also captures the essence of friendship and companionship and love and this, for me, is what makes this book sing like a song you'll never forget.

What are you reading right now?
I've just finished Strumpet City by James Plunkett Kelly which is Dublin's 'One City One Book' choice for 2013. It's set back in the time of the Lockout in Dublin in 1913 - led by Jim Larkin - and explores the lead up to the six month lockout of 20,000 of Dublin's workers and the fallout from it. It's a fictional story based on real events and set against a backdrop of vicious poverty. Spanning seven years, it tells the tale from several characters points of view, from the impoverished Rashers Tierney, who lives on his wits with his dog on the fringes of society, in the basement of a tenement building in Dublin, to members of upper classes and the clergy, where many people believed in charity but were nevertheless anxious that poor people should 'know their place.' It's a fantastic read, accessible and entertaining, with a great deal of resonance still, in these austerity-riddled times, even though the book was published back in 1969. Highly recommended.

Which author has had the biggest impact on your writing?
Lots! I would say 'influences' include John Irving and Margaret Atwood. I love the quirkiness of their characters and the ease of their storytelling. I love Irish writers; Kevin Barry, Joseph O'Connor, Roddy Doyle, Marian Keyes, Yvonne Cassidy, Colum McCann, Edna O'Brien. All great story tellers. And great writers. Coming from such a small, insignificant island but surrounded on all sides by these talented, amazing writers, makes people like me think that....YES....I CAN DO IT TOO!!!!!

How long does it take you to write a book?
About a year and a half, on average, give or take (me taking and my editor giving…that's how we work it…).

Do you have any top tips for aspiring authors?
- Be honest. Stay true to your characters. Let them do what they will on the page, regardless of whether or not you think it's 'nice' or 'politically correct' or 'moral'. Readers will invest themselves in your characters when they are believable. There are so many aspects to people. This is what makes us interesting to each other. Show all sides of your characters to your readers and they will follow your characters wherever you take them.

- Write as if nobody will ever see your work. Don't think about what your mother might think. Or your husband. Or the parents on the PTA. Write as if you are a hermit in a cave who never meets anyone or goes anywhere. This is fiction; it's not an autobiography.

- The blank page is terrifying. So fill it up with words. It doesn't matter if you think what you're writing is terrible. That's what editing is for.

- Writing is like any other activity; the more you do it, the better you become. You have to practise. Have this as your mantra. It worked for Samuel Beckett: 'Ever tried. Ever failed. No matter. Try Again. Fail again. Fail better.'

- This bit isn't mine. I stole it from Hilary Mantel but I think it's a really good piece of advice. She says, 'Start with a bang. Are you doing the Haka or just shuffling your feet?' I don't think she's talking just about the very beginning of a book but also about the start of your chapters. Get to the action!!

- OK, here's the science bit: Go through whatever you're working on and delete every single adverb and most of the adjectives. Instead of those pesky things, strengthen your verbs. This will help your writing to jump off the page, right into your readers' heads!!

What's the best way to relax after writing?
The three Bs: Beach, Bath, Bed.

How do you get inspiration for your books?
I got the germ of the idea for 'Lifesaving for Beginners' from a friend of mine who, one night, told me the story of her father's unmarried sisters, both of whom died within months of each other. Her father was going through their personal effects afterwards and found a birth certificate. One of his sisters had given birth to a baby years before and had given the child up for adoption. The child was adopted by an American couple. He never knew.

The minute I heard the story I knew I wanted to write it. The idea of a woman who gives her baby away and gets on with the living of her life, never referring to it, never talking about it, perhaps never even thinking about it. It is almost as if it never happened. And although my story begins many years later, in 1987, things in Ireland hadn't really changed. I mean, in 1984, Ann Lovett, a 15-year old girl, gave birth to a baby boy, all alone, in the grounds of a church. They both died. I was fourteen then. I never forgot it. The loneliness of it. That kind of loneliness stays with you.

What's the one thing to remember when you're writing a novel?
It's not a sprint - it's a marathon. But if you keep going, you'll reach the Nirvana of 'The' and 'End'. Even if you walked a marathon, you'd get to the finishing line…eventually. Be patient. Keep writing. The only way a book gets written is one word at a time. 

Ciara Geraghty's latest novel, Lifesaving for Beginners, is out now in paperback, £6.99 http://amzn.to/16JZQiK Follow Ciara on twitter @ciarageraghty

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need low sodium diet foods

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Scientists Spot Cancer Metabolism Changes

News Picture: Scientists Spot Cancer Metabolism Changes

SUNDAY, April 21 (HealthDay News) -- Hundreds of potential targets for new cancer drugs that could starve tumors have been identified by scientists who analyzed gene expression data from 22 types of malignancies.

The study revealed a number of cancer-associated changes in the metabolism of cells. To support their uncontrolled growth, cancer cells need to reprogram and "supercharge" a cell's normal metabolism, the researchers explained.

Pinpointing these metabolic changes could prove important in efforts to develop drugs that interfere with cancer metabolism, according to the study, which was published online April 21 in the journal Nature Biotechnology.

"The importance of this new study is its scope," lead investigator Dennis Vitkup, an associate professor of biomedical informatics at Columbia University Medical Center, said in a center news release. "So far, people have focused mainly on a few genes involved in major metabolic processes. Our study provides a comprehensive, global view of diverse metabolic alterations at the level of gene expression."

One of the major findings was that cancer-induced changes in metabolism are significantly different in various types of tumors.

"Our study clearly demonstrates that there are no single and universal changes in cancer metabolism," study co-author Dr. Matthew Vander Heiden, an assistant professor at MIT, said in the news release. "That means that to understand transformation in cancer metabolism, researchers will need to consider how different tumor types adapt their metabolism to meet their specific needs."

Targeting metabolism may be a way to strike cancer at its roots, according to Vitkup.

"You can knock out one, but the cells will usually find another pathway to turn on proliferation. Targeting metabolism may be more powerful, because if you starve a cell of energy or materials, it has nowhere to go," he explained.

-- Robert Preidt MedicalNews
Copyright © 2013 HealthDay. All rights reserved. SOURCE: Columbia University Medical Center, news release, April 21, 2013



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Blood Test Might Predict Type 1 Diabetes in Children, Study Finds

Evidence of two autoantibodies signaled a 70 percent risk, researchers sayPreliminary results show promise for

By Serena Gordon

HealthDay Reporter

TUESDAY, June 18 (HealthDay News) -- A diagnosis of type 1 diabetes often seems to come out of the blue. But German researchers say they can predict who will likely develop the chronic disease.

Blood samples taken from children at increased genetic risk of type 1 diabetes reveal significant "preclinical" clues, the researchers found. The strongest predictor is the presence of two diabetes-related autoantibodies, they reported in the June 18 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association.

"If you have two or more autoantibodies, it's nearly inevitable that you will develop the disease. Most people -- even physicians -- don't appreciate this risk," said Dr. Jay Skyler, deputy director for clinical research at the Diabetes Research Institute and a professor at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine. Skyler was not involved in the research.

Nearly 70 percent of youngsters with two diabetes-related autoantibodies developed type 1 diabetes over a 10-year period compared to less than 15 percent of kids with just one autoantibody, the researchers found.

Skyler, co-author of an accompanying journal editorial, said this study highlights the need for effective prevention strategies for type 1 diabetes.

Type 1 diabetes is believed to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system mistakenly destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Insulin is a hormone needed to turn the carbohydrates from food into fuel for the body.

To survive, people with type 1 diabetes must monitor their food intake and replace the lost insulin through injections or an insulin pump.

Type 1 diabetes can occur at any age, and there's currently no known way to prevent or cure it, according to the JDRF (formerly the Juvenile Diabetes Research Association). And unlike its more common counterpart, type 2 diabetes, the development of type 1 diabetes isn't linked to lifestyle choices.

The current study included children from Colorado, Finland and Germany who were followed from birth for as long as 15 years. Children in the Colorado and Finland study groups were included in the study if they had a specific genotype that indicated a genetic predisposition to developing type 1 diabetes. Children in the German study had to have a parent with type 1 diabetes to be included in the study.

More than 13,000 youngsters were recruited in all. During the study follow-up, the researchers found that nearly 1,100 children -- or about 8 percent of the total group -- developed one or more autoantibodies, which are markers for the destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas.

The vast majority of the children, despite their higher risk, remained free of type 1 diabetes and free of signs that the disease might develop.

"Autoantibodies are a marker for the risk of diabetes. [But] they are just markers; they are not causing the disease," said Dr. Joel Zonszein, director of the Clinical Diabetes Center at Montefiore Medical Center in New York City.


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Benedict Cumberbatch filming Sherlock

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Early, Severe Flu Season Caused Big Rise in Child Deaths: CDC

Senior hospitalizations also up during 2012-13 onslaught, U.S. health officials sayResearchers are harnessing the body's immune

By Steven Reinberg

HealthDay Reporter

THURSDAY, June 13 (HealthDay News) -- This past flu season started earlier, peaked earlier and led to more adult hospitalizations and child deaths than most flu seasons, U.S. health officials reported Thursday.

At least 149 children died, compared to the usual range of 34 to 123, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

The predominant strain of flu circulating in 2012-13 -- H3N2 -- made the illness deadlier for children, explained Lynnette Brammer, an epidemiologist with the CDC.

"With children H3 viruses can be severe, but there was also a lot of influenza B viruses circulating . . . and for kids they can be bad, too," she said.

Dr. Marc Siegel, an associate professor of medicine at NYU Langone Medical Center in New York City, added that H3N2 is easily transmitted from person to person and has a high rate of complications, which accounts for the increased hospitalizations.

"This is the kind of flu that enables other infections like pneumonia," he said. "Really what people need to know is that flu isn't the problem. The flu's effect on the immune system and fatigue is the problem."

The flu season started in September, which is unusually early, and peaked at the end of December, which is also unusual, Siegel said.

Flu season typically begins in December and peaks in late January or February.

Texas, New York and Florida had the most reported pediatric deaths. Except for the 2009-10 H1N1 flu pandemic, which killed at least 348 children, the past flu season was the deadliest since the CDC began collecting data on child flu deaths, according to the report, published in the June 14 issue of the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report.

Older adults were targeted heavily by the 2012-13 flu. Those aged 65 and older accounted for more than half of all reported flu-associated hospitalizations in the 2012-13 flu season -- the most since the CDC started collecting data on flu hospitalizations in 2005-06, the agency reported.

In addition, more Americans saw a doctor for flu than in recent flu seasons, the CDC noted.

The flu vaccine was well matched to the circulating strains, but less effective than health officials had hoped. In January, the CDC reported that the vaccine was about 60 percent effective, which meant it offered "moderate" protection from the flu.

Siegel said even a moderately effective vaccine is better than not getting vaccinated at all because flu symptoms will be milder, with a lower chance of complications.

According to Brammer, decisions about the vaccine for this coming season were made in February so manufacturers could make a sufficient supply for fall. The makeup will be basically the same as the 2012-13 vaccine with some tweaks to some of the strains so they better match changes in the viruses, she said.

The CDC recommends that everyone 6 months and older get vaccinated. The agency urges people at higher risk for severe disease -- including young children, pregnant women, anyone with a chronic health problem and the elderly -- to get the vaccine.

Don't make any assumptions about the course of next season's flu based on the recent past, these experts added.

"I wouldn't assume next year's flu season is going to be milder or that it's going to be early," Siegel said. "The flu is unpredictable."

Because the 2012-13 flu season started several months earlier than usual, the CDC also advised doctors to consider influenza as the source of respiratory illnesses that occur beyond the typical flu window.


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